Nasreen Rajani
Josh Happy
Megan Fath

Click for a Transcript (pdf) of the video podcast.

• Ekman, P., Sorenson, E.R., & Friesen, W.V. (1969). Pan-cultural elements in facial displays of emotion. Science, 164(3875), 86-88.
• Parr, L. A., Waller B. M., & Fugate, J. (2005). Emotional communication in primates: Implications for neurobiology. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 15, 716-720.

More to Explore

• Tracy, J. L., & Robins, R. W. (2008). The nonverbal expression of pride: Evidence for cross-cultural recognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(3), 516-530.
  • This article is an example of research being done on what emotional expressions should be considered universal. Specifically, through a method similar to Ekman's, Tracy and Robins conclude that the expression and stance associated with pride is universal, in addition to the six already established universal expressions.
• Schmidt, K. L., & Cohn, J. F. (2001). Human facial expressions as adaptations: Evolutionary questions in facial expression research. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 44, 3-24.
  • This article is a comprehensive review of the body of work on facial expression. It includes information on human facial musculature, the function of expression in both humans and non-human primates as a way of communication, and how the research ties into an evolutionary perspective.
• Ekman's website, which lists his huge body of work on emotion, his future and current work, and related information from other researchers.
• Waller, B. M., Cray, J. J., & Burrows, A. M. (2008). Selection for universal facial emotion. Emotion, 8(3), 435-439.
  • More information on human facial musculature, placed in the context of evolved emotional expression. Because the muscles required for the six known universal emotions are common across all individuals, the researchers argue that certain muscles have been selected specifically for emotional expression.