THE WONDERFUL WORLD OF FREUD
WHAT IS DURABLE IN FREUD?
1.
Human
irrationality
2.
The importance of
the unconscious
3.
Use of defenses
4.
The cultural
implantation of conscience
5.
The harmful
consequences of the repression of natural desires
6.
The notion of a
“talking cure” to psychological problems
7.
The potential
value of catharsis
8.
The importance of
childhood experiences in personality development and mental illness (e.g.,
physical or sexual abuse and Multiple pers. Disorder)
9.
The continuum
from healthy to sick: it is a quantitative rather than a qualitative
distinction
FREUD: WHERE DID IT ALL
BEGIN?
Jean-Martin Charcot & hypnosis
Josef Breuer & Anna O.
3 CONCLUSIONS
1. A mental force represses painful
memories & unacceptable desires from consciousness.
2. This repression can cause
neurotic symptoms.
3. Through great effort these
memories can be recovered and re-experienced to alleviate the symptoms.
FREUD’S STRUCTURAL MODEL OF
MENTAL ACTIVITY
Conscious, Preconscious, Unconscious
FREUD’S COMPONENTS OF
PERSONALITY
ID
EGO
SUPER-EGO
EGO CONTROLS ANXIETY FROM 3
SOURCES
1. Anxiety from ID threatening to enter
consciousness
2. Anxiety from the super-ego in trying to live
up to morals
3. Anxiety from the external environment
(external pressures)
HYDRAULIC MODEL OF DEFENSE
DEFENSE MECHANISMS
Displacement
Reaction Formation
Projection
Rationalization
Sublimation
Altruistic Surrender
Identification with the
Aggressor
HOW TO UNCOVER THE
UNCONSCIOUS
Free association
Memory lapses, slips of the
tongue
DREAMS
-Manifest Content
-Latent Content
Individual symbols
Universal Symbols
Transference
Counter-Transference
3 STEPS TO MENTAL HEALTH
THROUGH PSYCHOANALYSIS
1.
Gain conscious awareness
of formerly repressed wishes and memories
2.
Catharsis – The
emotional experience of these repressed wishes and memories
3.
With these ideas
in consciousness, the ego can now control the wishes, and rationally direct
then toward socially acceptable ways of fulfillment.
FREUD’S
DEVELOPMENTAL MODEL
The
oral stage
The
anal stage
The
phallic stage
The
latency period
The
genital stage
Why
did Freud think sex was central to personality formation?
1. The culture and time period he lived
2. May have misinterpreted real sexual abuse as
sexual fantasies
Freud’s
Oedipus Complex
-Child
is motivated to possess mother because of sexual desire
-Child
recognizes father as a threat to that desire, fears castration
-Child
reduces fear and still gets to be with mom by identifying with the father &
internalizing father’s standards and values
New
Meaning of the Oedipus Complex (Becker & Neo-Freudians)
-Child
realizes he/she is helpless & vulnerable and experiences anxiety
-Child
is motivated to reduce this anxiety
-Child
learns to conform to parental standards in order to feel secure and keep
anxiety at bay.
SIMILARITY
1. Both processes result in development of
super-ego, the implantation of conscience, & ultimately, neurosis (the
limitation of experience).
DIFFERENCES
1. The motivating force is the fear of
annihilation (not sex with mother and fear of castration).
2. This analysis applies to both genders (not
just males).
3. This analysis includes internalization of
values of both parents.
------------------------------------------------------------
Gentlemen,
if we keep reducing everything to the Oedipus Complex
psychoanalysis will become a laughing stock!”
Sigmund Freud
“…we
can extend the content of the Oedipus complex to include all the child’s
relations to both parents…”
Sigmund Freud
NEO-FREUDIANS
Karen
Horney, Alfred Adler, Erik Erikson,
Carl Jung
KAREN
HORNEY (HORN-EYE; 1885-1952)
Chil
helpless----> learns that satisfaction of needs & safety depends on
evoking favorable, responsive attitudes from parents.
POOR
PARENTING---->NEUROSIS
Cold
indifference, hostile, manipulative, rejecting, inconsistent
BASIC
HOSTILITY
REPRESSION
OF HOSTILITY
BASIC
ANXIETY
NEUROTIC
TRENDS
1.
Moving toward
others: Compliant, dependent on
others. Need for social approval.
“If you love me, you will not hurt me”
2.
Moving against
others: Dominant, hostile, aggressive,
controlling. Need to exploit others.
“If I have power, I shall not be hurt”
3.
Moving away from
others: Withdrawal and isolation from
others. Need to be self-reliant and
independent.
“If I withdraw, nothing can hurt me”
HORNEY VS.
FREUD…
ALFRED
ADLER (1870-1937)
INFERIORITY
COMPLEX: Children realize they are helpless and inferior to adults.
ORGAN
INFERIORITY
SUPERIORITY
STRIVINGS
*Superiority
strivings match the underlying inferiority
e.g.,
Napoleon complex
“Masks
reveal what they conceal. By donning
some masks but not others – people disclose precisely what they would most
shield. Indeed, a person does not hide
behind a mask so much as struggle beneath the weight of it.”
Alfred Adler
HUMANISTIC
APPROACH
Maslow,
ABRAHAM
MASLOW (1908-1970)
MASLOW’S
HEIRARCHY OF NEEDS
More
than just a list of needs…
Physiological needs—most basic, drives such as thirst and hunger.
Safety needs—drive to feel secure; that the world is organized and
predictable
Belongingness needs—drive to love and be loved; avoid loneliness and
isolation
Esteem needs—need for self-esteem, to feel competent and respected
by others
Self-actualization—the highest need; desire to reach one’s full
potential as a human being
Self-actualization
needs (B-needs)
D-needs
CARL
ROGERS (1902-1987)
NEED
FOR POSITIVE REGARD
CONDITIONS
OF WORTH
Discrepancy
between true self vs. ideal self
UNCONDITIONAL
POSITIVE REGARD